![]() Without assessing one's reliability for test scoring, there is questionable validity. This should be a primary consideration when employing cognitive tests. These concerns stimulated the present investigation.įirst, clinicians using clock drawing rarely consider rater/scorer reliability. Based on our observations of novice clinicians using clock drawing, we identified concerns with scoring and administration. Within medical settings, general practitioners and medical residents with little training in cognitive principles or test psychometry often employ clock drawing tests with other cognitive screeners. Presently, clock drawing continues to be used at the bedside and in the community for dementia screening. Thus, when command and copy conditions are used together, clock drawing appears particularly helpful for differentiating dementia subtypes. Alzheimer's disease, AD) typically improve from command to copy. By contrast, individuals with less executive dysfunction relative to other domains of cognitive impairment (e.g. In dementia, poor command and copy performance is often seen among individuals with frontal system deficits like Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) or Huntington's disease. They present with an inability to improve in their drawing despite the presentation of a clock model errors from the command condition are transferred to the copy condition. Individuals with deficits in visuospatial and executive functions typically perform poorly on command and copy conditions. While the command condition requires numerous cognitive functions, the copy condition largely draws upon visuospatial and executive functions. On a separate sheet, patients then copy a predrawn clock model. As classically defined by Edith Kaplan (1988), clock test administration involves first commanding patients to ‘draw the face of a clock with all the numbers and set the two hands to 10 after 11’. Ĭlock drawing is considered particularly beneficial for dementia assessment when both command and copy conditions are used and analyzed for errors. Consequently, clock drawing has gained wide acceptance as a useful tool for evaluating dementia and dementia subtypes. These cognitive functions are often compromised with dementia. ![]() Drawing a clock from memory and setting the hands to a specific time requires at least auditory comprehension, the ability to persist in drawing, remembering task instructions, and the ability to translate visuoperceptual information into an effective motor act (e.g. Clock drawing has historical ties to neurology and assesses diverse cognitive functions in addition to visuoconstruction.
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